Glossary of Lay Terms for Use in Informed Consent Forms

Glossary of Lay Terms for Use in Informed Consent Forms

According to federal guidelines, language in Informed Consent Forms should be suitable for subjects, which is generally interpreted to mean language at the 8th grade level. The definitions below are intended to help Principal Investigators with this process.

A very good source for simplified explanations of medical procedures and equipment is MedLine Plus: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/.

Please send any comments or suggestions to ufirb-l@lists.ufl.edu

Abrasion

Area where skin or other tissue is scraped away

Absorb

Take up fluids, take in

Absorption

The way a drug or other substance enters the body

Acidosis

Condition when blood contains more acid than normal

Acoumeter

Tool used to measure hearing

Acuity

Clearness, keenness, especially of vision – airways

Acute

New, recent, sudden

Adenopathy

Swollen lymph nodes (glands)

Adhesion

Tissue stuck together

Adjuvant treatment

Added treatment

Adjuvant

Helpful, assisting, aiding

Adrenal gland

Gland found over each kidney

Adverse Effect

Unwanted effect

Albuminuria

Protein in the urine

Allergen

A substance that gets into the body and activates the immune system, which produces an allergic reaction.

Allergic Reaction

Rash, trouble breathing

Allergy

Oversensitivity to a substance

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein that is made in the liver. The liver releases this protein into the bloodstream. Alpha-1 antitrypsin protects the lungs so they can work normally. Without enough alpha-1 antitrypsin, the lungs can be damaged, and this damage may make breathing difficult. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited (passed down from parents) disorder that causes low levels of, or no alpha-1 antitrypsin in the blood.

Ambulate

Walk, able to walk

Amino acid

a substance used by the body to make protein

Amniocentesis

Removal of some of the waters from around an unborn baby for laboratory testing

Analgesic

Drug used to control pain

Anaphylaxis

Serious, potentially life threatening allergic reaction

Anemia

Decreased number of red blood cells

Anesthesia

Loss of sensation or feeling

Anesthetic (general)

A drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain or eliminate the feeling of pain by putting you to sleep

Anesthetic (local)

A drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain by numbing an area of your body, without putting you to sleep

Anesthetic

Drug is used to produce loss of pain sensation

Angioplasty

Surgery to open up a narrow blood vessel

Anoxia

No oxygen

Antacid

Drug used to decrease acid in the stomach

Antibiotic

Drug used to stop or slow down the growth of germs

Antibody

Type of protein that helps protect the body against foreign matter, such as bacteria and viruses

Antibody

A substance produced by the body to fight infection. A monoclonal antibody is a laboratory-produced antibody that reacts against cancer cells

Antigen

A substance that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs.

Antihistamine

Drug used to treat allergic reactions

Antimicrobial

Drug that kills bacteria and other germs

Antiseptic

Substance used to stop or slow down the growth of germs

Aphasia

Not able to speak or write and not able to understand spoken or written words

Artery

Type of blood vessel that carries blood and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body

Arthritis

Inflammation of one or more joints

Asphyxia

Suffocation

Assay

Lab test

Atrioventricular block

a disorder that blocks certain signals in the heart and causes problems in heart rhythm.

Atrophy

Wasting away, or decrease in size, of a body organ

Audiogram

Report of a hearing test

Audiology

The study of hearing

Audiometer

Tool used to measure hearing

Autoantibody

A chemical or molecule (“body”) of protein that attacks (“anti”) healthy cells or tissues (“auto” from the Greek word for “self”).

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Bacteria

Types of germs

Benign

Not malignant, usually without serious consequences

Beta blocker

Drug used to slow down the heart

Bilateral

Having to do with both sides of the body

Biopsy

A small amount of tissue removed for laboratory testing

Bolus

An amount given all at once

Bone marrow

Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells

Bone Mass

The amount of calcium in a given amount of bone

Bradyarrhythmias

Slow irregular heart beats

Bradycardia

Slow heartbeat

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Bronchospasm

Breathing distress caused by narrowing of the airways

Bronchus

Tube that carries air from the windpipe to the lungs

Bulimia

Eating disorder in which a person cannot stop eating and often vomits to make room for more food

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Calcipenia

Low in calcium

Cancer radiotherapy

Treatment of cancer using X rays

Capillary

Tiny blood vessel

Carbohydrate

The body’s primary source of energy and, along with fat and protein, one of the three major nutrients in the human diet. There are different types of carbohydrate, starches and sugars, and they are found in breads, cereals, rice, pasta, fruits, milk, and yogurt and sweets.

Carcinogenic

Capable of causing cancer

Carcinoma

Type of cancer

Cardiac

Having to do with the heart

Cardioversion

Restoration of normal heart beat by electric shock

Carpal bones

Wrist bones

Cataract

Clouding of the lens of the eye

Catheter

A very thin tube usually about the size of a needle inserted through the skin into a vein for withdrawing or giving fluids or medicine.

Cell

The basic subunit of any living organism; the simplest unit that can exist as an independent living system.

Cephalalgia

Headache

Cerebellum

The part of the brain that controls the movement of the muscles
and helps maintain balance

Cerebral
trauma

Damage to the brain

Chemotherapy

Treatment of disease, usually cancer, by chemical agents

Chloasma

Tumor arising from the skin and other organs

Chromosome

See genetic information.

Chronic

Lasting a long time

Clavicle

Collarbone

Clinical trial

An experiment with patients

Clinical

Pertaining to medical care or based on medical observation or treatment

Complete response

Total disappearance of disease

Consolidation

Treatment phases intended to make a remission Phase permanent, follows induction

Contraindications

Medical reasons that prevent a person from using a certain drug or treatment

Contrast agent

A substance injected as part of certain scanning procedures. A contrast agent is like a dye and makes certain parts of the body show up better when a scan is done.

Control

A condition or procedure that is compared with a research treatment or procedure.

Controlled trial

Study in which the experimental procedures are compared to a standard (accepted) treatment or procedure

Contusion

Bruise

Cooperative Group

Association of multiple institutions to perform clinical trials

Cornea

Clear tissue covering the front part of the eye

Coronary

Pertains to the blood vessels that supply the heart

CT Scan (CAT)

Computerized series of x-rays

Culture

Test for infection or organisms that could cause infection

Cumulation

Increased action of a drug when given over a period of time

Cytoid

Like a cell

Cytokine

This is a type of compound made by the body as part of its immune function. A cytokine is produced by certain cells when they come into contact with threatening substances in the body such as bacteria.

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Decubitus

Lying down. D. Ulcer

Bed sore; pressure sore

Demographic

Information about your lifestyle and general characteristics

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Material that makes up the genes

Depressant

Drug that slows down the action of the central nervous system

Diabetes Mellitus

A disease that occurs when the body is not able to use sugar as it should. The body needs sugar for growth and energy for daily activities. It gets sugar when it changes food into glucose (a form of sugar). A hormone called insulin is needed for the glucose to be taken up and used by the body. Diabetes occurs when the body cannot make use of the glucose in the blood for energy because either the pancreas is not able to make enough insulin or the insulin that is available is not effective. The beta cells in areas of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans usually make insulin.

Diastolic

Lower number in blood pressure reading

Distal

Toward the end, away from the center of the body

Diuretic

Water pill or drug that causes increase in urination

DNA (“deoxyribonucleic acid”)

The part of the all cells that contains all the information about what the cell is and what it does. It is composed of proteins that are grouped in different ways. It is generally pictured as a long ladder that is twisted like a spiral.

Doppler

Sound waves

Double-blind trial

Test or experiment in which neither investigators nor subjects know which drug the subject is receiving

Duct

Tube that carries a body fluid

Dysplasia

Abnormal cells

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath; breathlessness; airway obstruction; difficulty breathing; winded; trouble breathing

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Echocardiogram

Sound wave test of the heart. There are no known harmful effects. Images are obtained with a small device about the size of a bar of soap (“transducer”) that is attached by a cord to a computer. A slippery gel is spread over the area being examined, and the small device is pressed firmly against the skin and moved across the area being examined.

Edema

Swelling from fluid collecting in the body at certain places.

Efficacy

Effectiveness, how well something works

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Picture of the electrical action of the heart

Electrode

A small device that detects electrical activity in your body

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Picture of brain wave activity

Electrolyte imbalance

The amount of minerals in the blood are not at normal levels

Embolus

Blood clot

Emesis

Vomiting

Empiric

Based on experience

Endorphin

Substance made by the body to stop pain

Endoscopic

Examination of an internal part of the body with a lighted tube

Enteral

By way of the intestines

Enzyme

A substance produced by the body to assist in breaking down chemicals.

Epidermal

Having to do with the outer layer of skin

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Epidural

Outside of the spinal cord

Epidural Catheter

A very thin tube usually about the size of a needle inserted through the skin near the spinal cord to give anesthesia, a painkilling or numbing medication.

Erythema

Redness of the skin that is often a sign of infection or inflammation (irritation).

Esophagus

The passageway between the mouth and the stomach, or “food pipe.”

Expedited review

Review of a study by an IRB chair or vice-chair instead of the full Board, which is permitted with research considered to be no greater than minimal risk.

Extravasate

To leak outside of a blood vessel

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FDA

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the branch of federal government that approves new drugs

Fibrillation

Irregular beat of the heart or other muscle

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Gangrene

Decay of tissue caused by lack of blood supply, and usually following injury or disease.

Gene

A small part of the information in DNA that is passed on during reproduction of all living things. Genes determine certain characteristics, such as eye color or the likelihood of having certain health problems. Also, if genes change in an abnormal way, health problems like cancer can occur. Alternative: A gene is the code present in each cell in your body and controls the behavior of that cell.

General Anesthesia

A state of unconsciousness, which is carefully controlled by the anesthesiologist with a mixture of very potent drugs, to prevent or lessen pain.

Genetics or genetic information

All cells contain a group of substances, including DNA, chromosomes, and genes, that shape identity and can be passed on to other cells. For example, these substances determine the pattern of your fingerprints and the color of your eyes. The study of this is called genetics.

Glucose Tolerance Test

A test to see if a person has diabetes. The test is given in a lab or doctor’s office in the morning before the person has eaten. A first sample of blood is taken from the person. Then the person drinks a liquid that has glucose (sugar) in it. After one hour, a second blood sample is drawn, and, after another hour, a third sample is taken. The object is to see how well the body deals with the glucose in the blood over time.

Glucose

A simple sugar found in the blood. It is the body’s main source of energy; also known as dextrose.

Gynecologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the sex organs of women

Gynecology

The study of the reproductive system of women

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Hematocrit

Amount of red blood cells in the blood

Hematologist

Doctor who treats blood disorders

Hematoma

A bruise, a black-and-blue mark

Hemodynamic

Measurements of blood flow

Hemoglobin

The iron-containing respiratory pigment in red blood cells

Hemolysis

Breakdown in red blood cells

Heparin lock

Needle placed in the arm with blood thinner to keep the blood from clotting

Hepatoma

Cancer or tumor of the liver

Holter Monitor

A portable machine for recording heart beat

Hypercalcemia

High blood calcium level

Hyperkalemia

High blood potassium level

Hypernatremia

High blood sodium level

Hyperopia

Farsightedness

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Hypocalcemia

Low blood calcium level

Hypodermic

Under the skin

Hypoglycemia

Not enough sugar in the blood

Hypokalemia

Low blood potassium level

Hyponatremia

Low blood sodium level

Hypotension

Low blood pressure

Hypothermia

Low body temperature

Hypoxemia

A decrease of oxygen in the blood

Hypoxia

A decrease of oxygen in the blood

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Iatrogenic

Caused by a physician or by treatment

IDE

Investigational devise exemption, the license to test an unapproved new medical device

Idiopathic

Of unknown cause

Idiosyncrasy

Rare side effect of a drug; unusual reaction of a person to a drug

Immunoglobulin

A protein that makes antibodies

Immunosuppressive

Drug that suppresses the body’s immune response

Immunotherapy

Giving of drugs to help the body’s immune (protective) system; usually used to destroy cancer cells

Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD)

A type of pacemaker, which is a small electrical device implanted in the chest to regulate heart rhythm. The ICD includes a battery and one or two wires going to the heart. The ICD continuously senses heart rhythm and uses electricity to keep it from beating too fast or too slow.

IND

Investigational new drug, the license to test an unapproved new drug

Induction Phase

Beginning phase or stage of a treatment

Induration

Hardening

Infarct

Death of tissue because of lack of blood supply

Inflammation

Swelling, redness, and pain in tissues caused by injury or damage

Influenza

The flu

Infusion

Introduction of a substance into the body, usually into the blood

Ingestion

Eating; taking by mouth

Intramuscular (IM) injection

Injection of a substance into a muscle (e.g., upper arm or backside)

Intramuscular

Into the muscle; within the muscle

Intrathecal

Into the spinal fluid

Intravenous (IV) injection

Injection of a substance into a vein

Intravenous (IV)

Through the vein

Intravesical

In the bladder

Intubate

The placement of a tube into the airway

Invasive Procedure

Puncture, opening or cutting of the skin

Ischemia

Decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because of decreased blood flow)

Isotope

A “family” of atoms (smallest unit of physical matter) that differ only by the number of neutrons in them. Isotopes are used to obtain measurements of substances in the body.

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J-K

No entries at this time

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Lactating

Making milk

Lateral

Toward or having to do with the side of the body

Lesion

Abnormal area of tissue, such as a wound, sore, rash, or boil

Leukopenia

Low white blood cell count

Libido

Sexual desire

Lipid Content

Fat content in the blood

Lipid

Fat

Local Anesthesia

Creation of insensitivity to pain in a small, local area of the body

Localized

Restricted to one area, limited to one area

Lumen

The cavity of an organ or tube (e.g., Blood vessel)

Lymph node

Small gland found throughout the body, but most often under or behind joints, that removes bacteria and foreign particles. There is some evidence that cancer cells can be spread

Lymph
system

The lymphatic system, which helps to remove such things as bacteria from the body, consists of a special fluid that contains white blood cells and that travels to small glands throughout the body through special lymphatic vessels. Although the lymph system is part of the body’s immune system, there is evidence that cancer can spread in the body when they get into the lymph system.

Lymphangiography

An x-ray of the lymph nodes or tissues after injecting dye into lymph vessels (for example, in feet)

Lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell important in immunity and defense against infection

Lymphoma

Cancerous growth made up of lymph tissue

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Macro-

Describes something that is large or long

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The use of magnetic waves to look at soft tissues of the body

Malaise

A vague feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling bad

Malignancy

Cancer or other progressively enlarging and spreading tumor, usually fatal if not successfully treated

Mastectomy

Surgery to remove a breast

Medulloblastoma

A type of brain tumor

Megaloblastosis

Change in red blood cells

Metabolism

The physical and chemical changes that take place in the body.

Metabolize

Process of breaking down substances in the cells to obtain energy

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another

MI

Myocardial infraction

Micro-

Describes something that is small or delicate

Minimal

Slight

Minimize

Reduce

ML

Change to teaspoonfuls or tablespoonfuls; 5 (4.929) ml = 1 teaspoonful; 15 (14.787) ml = 1 tablespoon.

Mobility

Ease of movement

Monitor

Check on, keep track of, watch carefully

Morbidity

Illness or medical problem

Mortality

Death or death rate

Motility

Ability to move

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging. Body pictures created by using magnetic energy rather than x-ray energy. To have the scan, you will lie on a table that slides into the scanner, which is like a large tube.

MSv

1 mSv = 100 mrem = 100 days of exposure to radiation given off by the environment (“background exposure”).

Mucoid

Slimy

Mucosa

Moist lining of spaces in the body related to the organs involved in eating, breathing, reproducing, and removing waste from the body.

MUGA (Multinucleated Gated Angiography)

A scan that gives information on heart function; it requires an injection into the vein of a tiny amount of radioactive dye that can be seen by the scanner.

Multiple Project Assurance

Agreement between institutions and Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) regarding institutional policies on the use of human subjects in research.

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack

Myocardial

Pertaining to the heart

Myopia

Nearsightedness

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Nasogastric
tube

Tube that goes through the nose and into the stomach

NCI

The National Cancer Institute

Necrosis

Death of tissue or skin

Neoplasia

Tumor, may be benign or malignant

Neuroblastoma

A cancer of nerve tissue

Neurological

Nervous system.

Neurologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the central nervous system and nerves

Neurosis

Mental and emotional disorder

Neutropenia

Decrease in the main part of the white blood cells

Neutrophil

A type of white blood cell that destroys germs that cause infections

NIH

The National Institute of Health

Non-Invasive

Not breaking, cutting or entering the skin

Nosocomial pneumonia

Pneumonia acquired in the hospital

Nyctalopia

Difficulty seeing at night

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Obesity

Extremely overweight

Occlusion

Closing; obstruction

OHRP

The Office for Human Research Protection: Oversees research with humans to be sure that the Federal regulations are followed.

Oncology

The study of tumors or cancer

Ophthalmic

Pertaining to the eye

Ophthalmologist

Doctor who treats eye disorders

Optic nerve

The nerve that carries information from the eye to the brain.

Optimal

Best, most useful,

Oral administration

Giving a drug by mouth

Orthodontist

Dentist who treats teeth and jaw disorders

Orthopedic

Pertaining to the bones

Orthopedist

Doctor who treats bone and joint disorders

Osteopetrosis

Rare bone disorder characterized by dense bone

Osteoporosis

Softening of the bones

Otologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the ear

Otorhinolaryngologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the ear, nose, and throat

Otoscope

Tool used to look into the ear

Ovaries

Female sex glands

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Palliation

To relieve symptoms/effects of the disease.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, a small gland behind the stomach that secretes substances such as insulin.

Pap test

Microscope test used to detect virus infection of the cervix or cancer of the vagina, cervix, or lining of the uterus

Parenteral

Giving a substance by injection either into a vein or a muscle

Patency

Condition of being open

Pathogenesis

Causative mechanism in a disease

Pathogenic

Causing disease

PER OS (PO)

By mouth

Percutaneous

Through the skin

Petechiae

Tiny red spots in the skin. They result from red blood leaking from capillaries into the skin.

Phalanx

Finger or toe bone

Pharmacokinetics

The study of the way the body absorbs, distributes, and gets rid of the drug

Pharynx

Throat

Phase I

Initial study of a new drug in humans to determine limits of tolerance

Phase II

Second phase of study of a new drug intended to obtain information on usefulness and safety

Phase III

Large scale trials to confirm and expand information on safety and usefulness of a new drug

Phlebitis

Irritation or inflammation of the vein

Placebo Effect

Phenomenon of improvement seen with the administration of a placebo

Placebo

A substance of no medical value; an inactive substance

Platelets

Small particles in the blood that help with clotting

Podiatrist

Foot doctor

Polydipsia

Too much thirst

Polymalgia rheumatica

Severe pain and stiffness in the muscles of areas such as the neck, chest, and hips.

Postpartum

After childbirth

Potentiate

Increase or multiply the effect of a drug or toxin by administration of another drug or toxin at the same time

Potentiator

An agent that helps another agent work better

PRN

As needed

Proctologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the rectum and anus

Prognosis

Outlook, probable outcomes

Prone

Lying on the stomach

Prophylaxis

A drug given to prevent disease or infection

Prospective Study

Study following patients forward in time

Prosthesis

Artificial body part

Protein

A compound made by the body that is used in many different functions, such as immunity and digestion.

Protocol

Plan of study

Proximal

Nearest

Pruritus

Itchiness

Psychologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the mind, thought, and behavior

Psychosis

Severe mental disorder

Psychosomatic

Having a connection between the mind and physical symptoms

Pulmonary neoplasm

Lung tumor

Pulmonary

Having to do with the lungs

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Quality of life

How satisfied you are with your life in terms of how you feel and what you are able to do day to day.

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Radiation Therapy

X-ray or cobalt treatment

Random

By chance, like the flip of a coin

Randomization

Chance selection

RBC

Red blood cell

Recombinant

New combinations of genes

Reconstitution

Putting back together the original parts or elements

Refractory

Not responding to treatment

Regeneration

Regrowth of a structure or of lost tissue

Rehabilitation

Training and education to recover lost skills or learn new ones to compensate for the loss

Relapse

The return of a disease

Remission

Disappearance of evidence of cancer or other disease

Renal

Having to do with the kidney

Replicable

Possible to duplicate

Resect

Remove or cut out surgically

Retina

The light-sensitive lining around the inside of the eye that is connected to the optic nerve.

Retrospective study

Study looking back over past experience

Retrospective

Looking back over past experience

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Sarcoma

A type of cancer

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Sedative

A drug to calm or make less anxious

Seminoma

A type of testes cancer

Sensor

Device that receives a signal, similar to a transistor radio but usually very small.

Sequentially

In a row

Serum

Clear liquid part of blood

Shock

A reaction of the body to severe physical or emotional injury that affects the whole body. Shock causes a decrease in all vital processes such as blood flow, breathing and heart function, and, especially, a large decrease in blood pressure.

Shunt

Artificial or natural channel running between two other channels

Single-blind trial

Test or experiment in which the person giving treatment, but not the patient, knows which treatment the patient is receiving

Sleep apnea

Breathing problems while sleeping

Somatic

Having to do with the body

Spirometer

An instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and exhaled from the lungs

Staging

A determination of the extent of the disease

Stenosis

Narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the valves in the heart

Sternum

Breastbone

Stomatitis

Mouth sores – inflammation of the mouth

Stratify

Arrange in groups for analysis of results (e.g. Stratify by age, sex, etc.)

Stroke

Blockage or rupture of a blood vessel to the brain

Subclavian

Under the collarbone

Subcutaneous

Under the skin

Sublingual

Under the tongue

Supportive Care

General medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to improve or cure underlying disease

Symptomatic

Having symptoms

Syndrome

Set of signs that happen at the same time in the body

Systolic

Top number in blood pressure, pressure during active contraction of the heart

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Teratogenic

Capable of causing malformations in fetuses

Testes

Male sex glands

Thorax

The chest

Thrombosis

Clotting

Titration

Slow increase in drug dosage, guided by patient’s responses

T-Lymphocytes

Type of white blood cells

Tolerance

Decrease in response to a fixed dosage of drug; over time, higher and higher doses of a drug are needed to get the desired effect

Topical anesthetic Applied to a certain area of the skin and reducing pain only in that area

Topical application

Giving a medication by putting it directly on the skin

Topical

Surface, skin

Toxicity

Any harmful effect of a drug or poison

Trachea

Windpipe

Tranquilizer

Drug used to control anxiety

Transdermal

Through the skin

Trauma

Injury; wound

Treadmill

Walking machine used to measure heart function

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Ultrasound

This scanning device consists of computer and a transducer that is used to scan the body. A transducer is a small hand-held device about the size of a bar of soap that is attached to the scanner by a cord. A lubricating gel is spread on the skin over the area being examined, and then the transducer is pressed firmly against the skin to obtain images.

Uptake

Absorption of a substance by the body through tissue

Urologist

Doctor who treats disorders of the urinary tract of men and women

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Valsalva maneuver

Attempting to breathe out with great force but not letting any air escape through your nose or mouth

Valvuloplasty

Repair of a valve, especially a heart valve

Varices

Enlarged veins

Vasospasm

Narrowing of the blood vessel

Vector

A carrier, usually an insect, that carries and transmits microorganisms that cause disease.

Venipuncture

Inserting a needle through the skin and sometimes into a vessel, usually to give a drug or fluids. Also called aneedle stick.

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WBC

White blood cell

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Measurement Conversions

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